I recently heard a podcast where the guest described "common knowledge." They explained it this way: you know that I know, and I know that you know, and you know that I know that you know, and I know that you know that I know. Stated more simply: we all know something and we know that everyone else knows that same thing. And this is important when thinking about how we describe actions in warning messages. Not everything is common knowledge. In fact the words that you c

Let's have a chat about closing the communication loop. I'm talking about the message that tells the public the situation is "all clear" and they can end the actions you recommended. In the warning research space, we've taken to call these "post-alert messages" because sometimes that second message may not be able to state conclusively that the area is safe, but it can provide an update on an investigation, a situation, or an environment and tell people how to go about thei

For more than five decades, warning researchers have been saying alerts must include five key contents: Source Hazard Location Time Guidance These contents, found in the Warning Response Model, have been identified as being the ones that motivate action and reduce delay. Around 2016, Dennis Mileti, the godfather of warning research, said you need to include hazard impact - that is, what the hazard is doing, or could do - along with the hazard name. This was echoed by resea

Anything you post to the internet lives forever. We see this with job-seekers who find their social media posts are being searched as part of an employment reference check. We see this with political campaigns when comments from 10 years past are resurfaced as evidence of racism, sexism, or personal ethics. There are countless other examples of this. Even a name and a picture online can become a problem for those who want to remain anonymous or get caught doing something

Missing person alerts should be designed to motivate action. When they are missing actionable information, they will lead to delay.

Summer fun at a state fair can get dangerous quickly when bad weather enters the area. In today's example, we see a series of messages; one issued to prevent injury and the second to return fair-goers to their fun at the midway. In early September, the Evergreen State Fair issued a geo-targeted warning to persons within the fairgrounds, alerting them to "go indoors now" and to "SHELTER IN PLACE until further notice." Lightning had been detected within 10 miles of the fairgr

All clear messages are an important part of the communication lifecycle for alerts and warnings. When an alert is issued, it opens up a "conversation" by telling people about a hazard, its impacts, the location of the impact, and what people should do to protect themselves. Ideally, if a person is at risk, they will engage in protective action and remain safe until they are instructed to do otherwise. This can come as an additional notification as the event is ongoing, or

For several years now, I've been pondering how to better name a hazard in a message that describes an active police incident. We know that not naming the hazard affects message understanding (a key outcome measured by scientists who study the effects of warning messages) and this relates directly to feelings of self-efficacy, that is, feeling like you can take the right action to protect yourself, leading to protective action. We studied this in response to a message for civ

A 360 character WEA about a missing person There's something really touching about this alert. It is missing almost all of the critical information that we know should be contained in any missing person alert. For instance, we don't know who issued the message, there is no description of the missing person, there is no license plate. We also don't know when she left Happy Camp and how long she had been gone. The entire message is written in CAPS and it contains no informatio

Wildfire alerts use jargon filled language. Use plain language to reach more people and communicate more effectively.

Have you heard of the acronym "FUBU?" It means "For Us By Us." It happens to be a brand name for clothing, but it also happens to represent the type of language that is commonly used within an organization to communicate complex ideas using shorthand. It's information created BY YOU for people LIKE YOU. You have to have insider knowledge to get the importance of the language and have education to understand the nuances of it's meaning. This reminds me of Gen Z language exp

Let's talk about AMBER Alerts. Again. It really is the alert type that pops up as one of the most problematic with public message receivers in terms of messaging and policy. The messages tend to lack actionable details and the timing at which they are sent is frequently questioned. In fact, these two issues, combined with the geographical scope of the alert itself, appear to contribute to the majority of people opting out of AMBER Alerts on their phones. Because the prob

Should we use a link in our emergency alerts? Will people click them? Are some more trustworthy than others? We have research to answer each of these questions. In 2019, WEA 2.0 made it possible for alerting authorities to include a URL to guide people to additional information. This was a huge win for the emergency management community! Until then, we were limited to shorter messages AND no way to offer additional information. Then, everything changed and it was suddenl

Coded language does not simplify a message, it makes it more complex. When it comes to communicating danger, we need to know what the danger is, why its a danger, and what we can do about it.

Are you prepared to issue a message for an unusual threat such as a dangerous animal? Every now and then we find a WEA that is sent for an unfamiliar hazard, such as a bear in a populated area, an aggressive moose, or a cat or skunk with rabies. They represent the kind of message that is urgent with potentially severe consequences, but they probably aren't part of most organizations' message libraries. Should they be? I don't think it's possible to have ALL threats in yo

During the month of March, states throughout the U.S. recognized severe weather awareness week by conducting tornado drills. These included Virginia, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan; in at least one state, the statewide tornado drill was cancelled (Missouri) and in other states these drills included local tests of the Wireless Emergency Alert system. We collected a bunch of the test messages and thought we’d go on a bit of a road show to see how they compare. Hop on board and l

Determining how to get a message to an evacuated population is a challenge; issuing a complete message can help to reduce message confusion.

A plain language missing person alert This is a really well-written alert. Let me show you have it conforms to the best guidance we have on how to write an actionable missing person alert. It begins with the source of the message: VBALERT. This is an acronym (it also appears like a branded alert name), however, at the end of the message we also see the organization clearly named. This is followed by the incident type (aka hazard from the Warning Response Model). The inci

An EBONY alert Recent research on effective Missing and Endangered Person (MEP) alerts has identified how to name the incident and how to structure a message to be most effective at helping message receivers to understand and respond to messages. When we consider MEP messages in relation to more general alerts and warnings, they follow the same structure as those warnings that are issued for all hazards. They should always contain the following CONTENTS: The name of the m

Required Weekly Test IPAWS users are required to regularly test their user proficiency by sending an alert that is issued to users who have opted in to receive them. This is also a great opportunity to demonstrate the type of test message that could be issued during a live test in a community - one that is announced ahead of time, organized with community members, and publicized by the media. These live tests have the added benefit, if done correctly, of growing system awar